The Palo Verde Nuclear Generating Station occupies about 4,000 acres in Tonopah, Arizona. (Photo by Jenna Miller/Cronkite News)
Temporary workers Kevin Brown and Mike Newgaark work just outside the nuclear containment building at the Palo Verde generating station. The plant is the largest producer of power in the United States. (Photo by Jenna Miller/ Cronkite News)
Containment coordinator Dave Mills worked inside the nuclear containment building at the Palo Verde plant in April. The plant could be affected by a potential upcoming ballot initiative on clean energy. (Photo by Jenna Miller/ Cronkite News)
Senior operator Sam West and trainee James O’Neil refuel the reactor core inside the containment building at the Palo Verde generating station. (Photo by Jenna Miller/ Cronkite News)
In-house mechanics (from left) Sal Hill, Dain Newbanks and Hank Whipple worked on the Unit Two reactor system during a regularly scheduled shut down at the Palo Verde nuclear plant. (Photo by Jenna Miller, Cronkite News)
TONOPAH — About 50 miles west of downtown Phoenix, three massive concrete domes, spaced side-by-side on a 4,000-acre plot of land, dominate the skyline.
The Palo Verde Nuclear Generating Station is the nation’s largest power producer, serving 4 million people across the Southwest and providing about 35 percent of Arizona’s electric power, according to the U.S. Energy Information Administration. Palo Verde relies on billions of gallons of recycled wastewater each year for cooling.
If the Clean Energy for a Healthy Arizona initiative appears on the ballot in November, voters will decide the plant’s future. The initiative calls for 50 percent of Arizona’s electrical energy to come from renewable sources, mostly solar and wind, by 2030. Nuclear power would be hit hardest among sources of power in Arizona, because Palo Verde – the nation’s largest power producer – could not operate at levels low enough to satisfy the initiative’s requirements. Supporters have less than two months to gather enough signatures to qualify.
Linnea Conway and Jackie Sullivan (left) check gear as workers leave. Scanners tell the two women if there are any radioactive particles on items leaving the building. (Photo by Jenna Miller/ Cronkite News)
At a news media tour of the plant in April, reporters donned head-to-toe protective gear to guard against radiation before entering one of Palo Verde’s three nuclear-containment buildings. The reactor was undergoing refueling, a process that repeats every 18 months.
Inside the sweltering concrete dome, a central pool containing the nuclear reactor gave off a bluish tinge. The jumpsuit-clad refueling crew sat aboard a metal contraption moving slowly above the pool, dragging fuel assemblies – rectangular stacks of pallets containing uranium – by a rope through the water.
Every six months, one of the containment buildings goes through a monthlong refueling process. Palo Verde plans these outages for the fall and spring, when Arizona and Southern California need the least electricity for heating and cooling, spokesman Alan Bunnell said. Turning the reactor on and off isn’t as easy as pressing a button – it involves weeks of preparation.
That’s one of the reasons the plant would have to shut down completely if the ballot initiative passes, said Jack Cadogan, senior vice president of site operations. Solar energy sources would generate so much power during the day in Arizona that there wouldn’t be enough room on the grid for nuclear.
“We would have to shut Palo Verde down during the day every day,” Cadogan said. “But that’s not how nuclear plants really work. Nuclear plants can’t just be shut down and then started up again.”
Jack Cadogan, senior vice president of site operations at Palo Verde nuclear power plant, said he is worried that a potential referendum on clean energy in Arizona would threaten the future of the plant. (Photo by Jenna Miller/ Cronkite News)
California has a similar problem, he said. Its solar energy sources produce so much excess electricity that it pays Arizona to take the excess power. But if Arizona must switch to 50 percent renewables, it no longer will be able to take California’s extra power. That means both states probably will have to spend billions developing technology to store solar energy, he said.
“The only reason (California’s) electric bills are not double of ours, I think, is because they have not tackled the storage issue,” Cadogan said. “But this mandate would force us all to tackle it all at once. And there’s going to be a lot of customers that are going to be hurt, especially lower income customers.”
Rodd McLeod, a spokesman for the Clean Energy Initiative, took issue with APS’ assertion that the requirements of the initiative would force them to close the plant. He was skeptical about APS’ argument that Palo Verde would no longer be economically viable, since utilities from other states own part of the plant.
“If the Palo Verde plant closes, it’s going to be because APS decides to close it,” McLeod said.
Supporters of the initiative, including Sandy Bahr of the Sierra Club’s Grand Canyon chapter, argue that the long-term benefits outweigh the immediate costs.
“Here in Arizona, solar is a great resource that we have that we should be utilizing more of,” Bahr said. “And I think the public gets that, the voters get that, and they’re very supportive of it. That’s why the utilities are trying so hard to create confusion and to create fear and try and undermine it.”
Because generating nuclear energy produces radioactive waste and involves mining and processing uranium, a nonrenewable resource, nuclear isn’t classified as renewable. However, APS calls the Palo Verde plant the nation’s largest source of clean-air energy because it doesn’t emit carbon.
For the initiative’s backers, though, that’s not enough.
“From the perspective of someone who wants clean, sustainable, renewable energy, nuclear power doesn’t cut it,” Bahr said.
Supporters of the Clean Energy initiative must get nearly 226,000 signatures by July 5 to get it on the November ballot. Backers include the Arizona Asthma Coalition and the Natural Resources Defense Council.
– Cronkite News video by Nicole Hernandez
This story is part of Elemental: Covering Sustainability, a new multimedia collaboration between Cronkite News, Arizona PBS, KJZZ, KPCC, Rocky Mountain PBS and PBS SoCal.
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